Genetic and reproductive strategies to prevent mitochondrial diseases

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases pose unique challenges for genetic counselling and require tailored approaches to address recurrence risks and reproductive options. The intricate dynamics of mtDNA segregation and heteroplasmy shift significantly impact the chances of having affected children. In addition to natural pregnancy, oocyte donation, and adoption, IVF-based approaches can reduce the risk of disease transmission. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) remain the standard methods for women carrying pathogenic mtDNA mutations; nevertheless, they are not suitable for every patient. Germline nuclear transfer (NT) has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy, while mitochondrial gene editing has increasingly become a promising research area in the field. However, challenges and safety concerns associated with all these techniques remain, highlighting the need for long-term follow-up studies, an improved understanding of disease mechanisms, and personalized approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Given the inherent risks of adverse maternal and child outcomes, careful consideration of the balance between potential benefits and drawbacks is also warranted. This review will provide critical insights, identify knowledge gaps, and underscore the importance of advancing mitochondrial disease research in reproductive health.