The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126 facilitates quality control of unimported mitochondrial membrane proteins

Pathological stress can lead to failure in the translocation of mitochondrial proteins, resulting in accumulation of unimported proteins within the cytosol and upregulation of proteasome for their quality control. Malfunction or delay in protein clearance causes dysregulation of mitochondrial protein homeostasis, cellular toxicity, and diseases. Ubiquilins (UBQLNs) are known to serve as chaperone, which associates with unimported mitochondrial membrane protein precursors, and facilitates their proteasomal degradation. However, how UBQLN-engaged proteins are ubiquitinated and efficiently targeted to the proteasome are poorly understood. Here, using mitochondrial membrane protein ATP5G1 (ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1) as a model substrate, we report that E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126 interacts with substrate-engaged UBQLN1, thereby promoting ubiquitination and degradation of unimported proteins during mitochondrial stress. We find that UBQLN1's ubiquitin-associated domain recruits RNF126 when its middle domain binds to unimported protein substrate. Recombinant RNF126 forms ternary complex with UBQLN1 and ATP5G1 precursor in vitro and catalyzes ubiquitination of UBQLN1-bound ATP5G1. Without RNF126, proteasomal degradation of ATP5G1 was compromised. These results explain how RNF126 and UBQLNs interplay to ensure specific quality control of unimported mitochondrial membrane proteins under pathophysiological conditions.