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Theta-gamma tACS modulates attention network synchronization, not isolated network performance.

Lukas Diedrich1, Hannah I Kolhoff1, Clara Bergmann1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.

Brain Research
|March 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Multi-session transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in older adults did not improve attention network efficiency. Instead, active tACS impaired reaction times and disrupted brain network interactions, highlighting potential risks of neurostimulation.

Keywords:
AgingAttentionAttention network task (ANT)CognitionCross-frequency couplingElderlyTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Aging brain exhibits oscillatory changes impacting neuronal communication and cognitive functions.
  • Attention networks (alerting, orienting, executive control) are crucial for cognition and susceptible to age-related decline.
  • Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique explored for cognitive enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of multi-session, low-intensity theta-gamma tACS on attention network efficiency in older adults.
  • To assess the impact of tACS on Attention Network Task (ANT) performance and reaction time (RT).
  • To examine tACS-induced alterations in brain network correlations within and between attention networks.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study involving 76 participants aged 55-84.
  • A 16-session theta-gamma tACS protocol targeting the prefrontal cortex.
  • Cognitive n-back training was administered during both active and sham tACS to control for brain state changes.
  • Analysis of ANT performance, RT, and network correlations using generalized linear mixed-effect modeling.

Main Results:

  • Active tACS did not significantly modulate attention network efficiencies.
  • Active tACS led to poorer ANT performance, evidenced by negative influence on overall reaction time improvements compared to the sham group.
  • Post-intervention, active tACS disrupted network correlations, particularly impacting the alerting network's interactions with orienting and executive networks.

Conclusions:

  • Theta-gamma coupling appears involved in attention processes, but this tACS protocol did not yield network-specific benefits.
  • While neurostimulation holds potential for cognitive modulation, caution is advised due to the risk of inadvertently impairing brain network dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to optimize tACS parameters for safe and effective cognitive enhancement in aging populations.