Genetic architecture of morphological adaptation and plasticity in insects: gaps, biases, and future directions

Insects exhibit a vast array of morphological specializations. Recent eco-evo-devo studies have provided a fresh perspective into how insect morphology can respond to the environment, both plastically and adaptively. Here, we performed a systematic literature analysis to identify biases and gaps in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying insect morphological adaptation and plasticity. We found that plasticity studies are increasingly present in the literature, while adaptation studies lag behind. Additionally, we observed a disproportionate focus on a few insect orders and specific traits like wings and body size. We highlight the need to explore the broader insect diversity, including understudied groups and unexplored traits like reproductive organs, as well as utilize advanced methods to capture subtle morphological variation. Studying a wider range of species with diverse morphologies and ecological features, as well as implementing modern genome-wide tools, can reveal the full spectrum of mechanisms underlying morphological adaptation and plasticity in insects.