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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

A Gnotobiotic System for Studying Microbiome Assembly in the Phyllosphere and in Vegetable Fermentation
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Principles of gut microbiota assembly.

Alfredo Chavez-Arroyo1, Lauren C Radlinski1, Andreas J Bäumler1

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|March 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiota

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Ecology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota is crucial for human health but challenging to study due to its complexity and stability.
  • Understanding factors influencing gut microbiota composition and function is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a hierarchical ecological framework for gut microbiota assembly, stability, and resilience.
  • To elucidate the roles of host-derived factors and microbial interactions in shaping the gut ecosystem.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a theoretical framework based on ecological principles.
  • It integrates concepts of habitat filtering, niche availability, priority effects, and microbial antagonism.

Main Results:

  • Host-derived electron acceptors are key habitat filters determining dominant microbial guilds in the gut.
Keywords:
ecological guildsmicrobiotapriority effects

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  • Dietary behavior regulates nutrient availability, influencing niche occupation within guilds.
  • Priority effects and microbial antagonism govern taxonomic stability and competition.

    • Conclusions:

    • A hierarchical ecological framework explains gut microbiota self-assembly and homeostasis.
    • Host control over microbial energy metabolism is central to maintaining a stable gut ecosystem.