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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid function and multiple sclerosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis.

Yinghao Ren1, Xin Wang2, Weiliang Wang3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.

Scientific Reports
|March 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study found that higher free thyroxine (FT4) levels may increase multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, while hypothyroidism and elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) may reduce it. Specific immune cells mediate this thyroid-MS connection.

Keywords:
Immune cellsMediation analysisMendelian randomizationMultiple sclerosisThyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disorder with unclear links to thyroid function.
  • Understanding the causal relationship between thyroid health and MS is crucial for disease prevention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between thyroid function and MS using Mendelian randomization (MR).
  • To explore the mediating role of specific immune cell populations in the association between thyroid function and MS.

Main Methods:

  • A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis utilizing large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics.
  • Sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, weighted median, and leave-one-out methods were performed for robustness.
  • Multivariable MR and mediation analyses were employed to identify mediating immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Elevated free thyroxine (FT4) was associated with an increased risk of MS (OR: 1.268, P=0.020).
  • Hypothyroidism and elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) were associated with a reduced risk of MS (ORs: 0.914, P=0.012 and 0.88, P=0.020, respectively).
  • Mediation analysis indicated that "HLA DR on CD33br HLA DR+CD14" and "IgD- CD27-%B cell" partially mediated the effect of FT4 on MS risk.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic evidence suggests that higher FT4 levels may causally increase the risk of developing MS.
  • Specific immune cell subsets, including certain B cells and myeloid cells, play a mediating role in the relationship between thyroid function and MS.
  • Further research into these immune pathways could reveal novel therapeutic targets for MS.