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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Multicomponent dynamics in amorphous ice studied using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at elevated pressure and

Aigerim Karina1, Hailong Li2,3, Tobias Eklund2,4,5

  • 1Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

Communications Chemistry
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Investigating supercooled water

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Physical chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Understanding the pressure dependence of glass-forming liquids is crucial.
  • Supercooled water exhibits distinct high-density and low-density amorphous states.
  • Predictive models suggest opposing pressure dependencies for their glass transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally probe the glass transition of amorphous ices under elevated pressure and cryogenic conditions.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) in a diamond anvil cell at low temperatures.
  • To observe and characterize dynamic behaviors near the glass transition in high-density amorphous ice.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS).
  • Employed a diamond anvil cell (DAC) for high-pressure generation.
  • Conducted experiments at cryogenic temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Observed two distinct dynamic components approaching the glass transition temperature.
  • Determined the glass transition for high-density amorphous ice at approximately 0.08 GPa.
  • Found the glass transition temperature at elevated pressure is higher than at ambient conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Confirmed the feasibility of XPCS for studying amorphous ices under extreme conditions.
  • Provided experimental evidence for the complex dynamic behavior of supercooled water under pressure.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the phase behavior of water and other glass-forming liquids.