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Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated Heart Disease in Nigerian Children: A Persistent and Difficult Clinical

Ijeoma Ogugua Arodiwe1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria.

The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal
|March 17, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Childhood heart disease is a significant complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, affecting 38.2%–75.9% globally. Management is challenging in developing countries due to limited resources and comorbidities.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Heart disease is a common end-organ damage in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS.
  • The global incidence of HIV-associated heart disease ranges from 20% to 40%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and management challenges of childhood HIV-associated heart disease in a developing country.
  • To highlight the need for routine cardiovascular screening in children with HIV.

Main Methods:

  • A literature search was conducted using keywords such as 'HIV', 'heart disease', 'HAART', 'end organ involvement in HIV', 'echocardiography', and 'children'.
  • Data on prevalence and management challenges were extracted from published studies.

Main Results:

  • Global prevalence of HIV-associated heart disease is high (38.2%–75.9%), including left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, and LV hypertrophy.
  • Specific echocardiographic findings like elevated mitral valve peak E/A ratio and prolonged deceleration time were noted in affected children.
  • Management challenges include a lack of echocardiographic expertise and difficulties in using diuretics due to comorbidities like anemia and diarrheal disease.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-associated heart disease is a prevalent condition in children, presenting significant management challenges in developing nations.
  • Routine screening for cardiovascular abnormalities at baseline and during follow-up is crucial for early detection and management.

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