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Long-latency spinal reflexes in humans.

K Darton, O C Lippold, M Shahani

    Journal of Neurophysiology
    |June 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Mechanical muscle stretching reveals distinct electromyogram peaks (M1 and M2). The M1 peak originates from the stretch reflex, while M2 arises from skin afferent stimulation, indicating spinal cord processing delays.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Human Physiology
    • Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Muscle stretching elicits complex electromyogram (EMG) responses.
    • Understanding the neural pathways underlying these responses is crucial for motor control research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the origins and characteristics of multiple EMG peaks generated by mechanical muscle stretching.
    • To differentiate the neural pathways responsible for the M1 and M2 EMG components.

    Main Methods:

    • Subjects underwent mechanical stretching of human muscles (first dorsal interosseous and extensor digitorum longus).
    • Electromyogram (EMG) signals were recorded, rectified, and averaged.
    • Latencies of EMG peaks (M1, M2, and M3) were measured from stimulus onset.

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    Main Results:

    • Mechanical muscle stretching produced distinct EMG peaks, M1 and M2, with characteristic latencies.
    • M1 latency was 32.4 ± 2.4 ms (first dorsal interosseous) and M2 latency was 55.1 ± 11.3 ms.
    • M1 was attributed to the stretch reflex arc, while M2 resulted from stimulation of cutaneous afferent terminals.
    • Conduction velocities for M1 and M2 pathways were similar, suggesting spinal cord processing delays for M2.
    • M2 did not involve transcortical pathways, as M1-M2 delays remained consistent across hand and foot muscles.

    Conclusions:

    • EMG responses to muscle stretch involve at least two distinct neural pathways.
    • The M1 peak reflects a spinal stretch reflex, whereas the M2 peak involves afferent input from superficial tissues processed within the spinal cord.
    • These findings clarify the neural mechanisms underlying muscle stretch responses and exclude long-loop pathways for the M2 component.