Recent advances and prospects of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for diabetic ocular complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly affects various organ systems. The systemic effects of DM lead to numerous complications, with ocular manifestations being of particular concern due to their severity and impact on quality of life. Hyperglycemia-induced ocular damage often results in a range of lesions, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), keratopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. These conditions impose considerable physical discomfort on patients and place a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. The advent of nanotechnology has facilitated the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for managing diabetic ocular complications. This review highlights several common ocular complications associated with DM, focusing on their pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Emphasis is placed on the innovative applications and potential of nanotechnology in treating diabetic ocular complications.