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How Difference Tasks Are Affected by Probability Format, Part 2: A Making Numbers Meaningful Systematic Review
Natalie C Benda1, Brian J Zikmund-Fisher2,3,4, Mohit M Sharma5
1Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.
MDM Policy & Practice
|March 17, 2025
Summary
Presenting health probabilities using relative risk differences, numerator-only graphics, and anecdotes increases behavioral intentions and perceived effectiveness. Bar charts with labels are also preferred for illustrating probability differences.
Area of Science:
- Health communication
- Risk perception
- Data visualization
Background:
- Systematic review evaluating data presentation formats for health probabilities.
- Focus on difference tasks assessing reader interpretation of probability variations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present evidence on how data format impacts communication of health probabilities.
- To analyze effects on perceptions of effectiveness, behavioral intentions, trust, format preference, and discrimination.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of experimental/quasi-experimental studies comparing quantitative health information formats.
- Included 205 findings from 101 studies.
- Dual extraction of data on stimuli, tasks, and outcomes.
Main Results:
- Relative risk differences, numerator-only graphics, and inclusion of anecdotes/social proof enhance behavioral intentions.
- Relative risk differences and numerator-only graphics strongly increase perceived and felt effectiveness.
- Bar charts and graphics with data labels are preferred over icon arrays and graphics without labels, respectively.
Conclusions:
- Moderate to strong evidence exists for the impact of probability difference formats on behavioral intention, perceived effectiveness, and format preference.
- Evidence regarding trust is weak or insufficient.
- Data presentation significantly influences how health probabilities are understood and acted upon.
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