Evaluating Oral Health Status in Incarcerated Women: A Systematic Review

Background: Oral health is crucial to overall well-being but is significantly neglected among incarcerated women, who face higher rates of dental caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism due to systemic barriers, behavioral risks, and socio-demographic vulnerabilities. Objective: This review evaluates the oral health status of incarcerated women, identifying key determinants and assessing intervention effectiveness. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies published in English in the last 15 years on adult incarcerated women were included. Data on oral health outcomes, risk factors, and interventions were extracted and analyzed. Results: Ten studies revealed significantly higher rates of oral diseases among incarcerated women compared to the general population. Behavioral factors such as smoking and poor diet, combined with inadequate access to care, are major contributors. Pregnant inmates face compounded risks, with poor oral health linked to adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Conclusions: Incarcerated women experience severe oral health disparities requiring gender-responsive, interdisciplinary interventions, including preventive care, education, and integrated correctional policies. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and effective intervention strategies.