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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Updated: May 22, 2025

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Genes as Genome Stabilizers in Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Asmita Karmakar1, Allan Blessing Harison Raj Augustine1, Rajkumar P Thummer2

  • 1Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Certain genes protect genomic stability in pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This is crucial for their self-renewal, pluripotency, and reprogramming processes.

Keywords:
Cellular reprogrammingDNA repairEmbryonic stem cellsGenomic stabilityInduced pluripotent stem cellsPluripotency

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), encompassing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells via reprogramming, involving genome resetting and cellular stress.
  • Unlike somatic cells, PSCs exhibit an open chromatin structure, essential for maintaining pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific genes in maintaining genomic stability within ESCs and iPSCs.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which these genes support self-renewal, pluripotency, and somatic reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • This study focuses on elucidating the function of specific genes.
  • The research involves analyzing genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptional changes during reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • The study identifies key genes that safeguard genomic stability in pluripotent stem cells.
  • These genes are critical for regulating the complex processes of self-renewal and pluripotency.
  • The findings highlight the importance of genomic integrity during somatic cell reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Specific genes play a vital role in preserving genomic stability in ESCs and iPSCs.
  • Maintaining genomic stability is fundamental for successful somatic reprogramming and pluripotency.
  • Understanding these genetic mechanisms advances the field of stem cell research and regenerative medicine.