A 24 GHz End-Fire Rod Antenna Based on a Substrate Integrated Waveguide

Most of the traditional rod antennas in the literature are in the shape of a cylinder or are conical, which are not suitable shapes for planar PCB technology or planar integrated CMOS or BiCMOS technology. In this paper, we present a 24 GHz planar end-fire rod antenna based on an SIW (substrate integrated waveguide) suitable for planar PCB technology or planar integrated circuit technology. The antenna is made of PCB Rogers 4350 and utilizes the SIW to realize the end-fire rod antenna. The measurement results of the antenna are presented: its gain is 8.55 dB and its S11 bandwidth is 6.2 GHz. This kind of planar end-fire rod antenna possesses the characteristics of high gain, wide bandwidth, compactness, and simple design and structure. This type of antenna can also be used as a PCB antenna in other frequency bands, and it could also possibly be utilized in mm-wave and THz integrated antenna design in the future due to its very simple architecture.