Sexual dimorphisms in endocrinopathies: Their impact on the evolution of metabolic diseases

Sexual dimorphisms, the biological differences between males and females, are well-documented across various endocrine disorders. These dimorphisms not only influence the presentation and progression of endocrinopathies but also play a critical role in the development and evolution of metabolic diseases. This review explores the intricate relationship between sexual dimorphisms and endocrinopathies such as Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid disorder, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Hypogonadism in males and acromegaly, and their subsequent effects on metabolic dysfunctions like insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. By examining the hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors underlying these gender-specific differences, we aim to elucidate how sexual dimorphisms contribute to the disparate prevalence, clinical outcomes, and treatment responses observed in metabolic disorders. This review highlights the significance of considering sexual dimorphisms in advancing the understanding of metabolic diseases.