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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes01:33

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Superior sensitive graphene fiber sensor enabled by constructing multiple nanoembossments for glucose detection.

Feng Han1, Yangguang Wu1, Yifan Zhao2

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering
|March 18, 2025
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A novel graphene fiber (GF)/Au/Ni(OH)2 composite fiber enhances non-enzymatic glucose sensing for diabetes. This flexible sensor offers high sensitivity and a low detection limit, paving the way for advanced wearable electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Biosensors

Background:

  • Metal oxides are explored for non-enzymatic glucose sensors due to catalytic properties and stability.
  • Low conductivity and catalytic activity hinder commercialization of metal oxide-based sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible non-enzymatic glucose sensor with improved conductivity and sensitivity.
  • To overcome limitations of existing metal oxide-based glucose sensors.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite fiber using graphene fiber (GF), gold (Au), and nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2).
  • Characterization of the GF/Au/Ni(OH)2 composite for electrochemical properties and glucose sensing performance.

Main Results:

  • The GF/Au/Ni(OH)2 composite fiber demonstrated high sensitivity (1095.63 µA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and a low detection limit (0.294 µM).
  • The sensor exhibited excellent repeatability, anti-interference properties, and flexibility.
  • GF integration enhanced molecule uptake and electron mobility; Au incorporation promoted electron migration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed GF/Au/Ni(OH)2 composite fiber offers a promising platform for highly sensitive and flexible non-enzymatic glucose detection.
  • This approach provides a novel method for creating nano-embossed GFs for superior glucose sensing in wearable electronics.