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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

28.3K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

15.0K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

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SSUP-72/PINN-1 coordinates RNA-polymerase II 3' pausing and developmental gene expression in C. elegans.

François-Xavier Stubbe1, Pauline Ponsard1, Florian A Steiner2

  • 1URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.

Nature Communications
|March 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Scientists found that the SSUP-72/PINN-1 module helps C. elegans develop by regulating gene expression. This discovery bypasses the need for CDK-12, offering new insights into developmental gene regulation.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2025

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Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • C. elegans exit from L1 arrest activates growth genes, often in operons.
  • Transcriptional termination is uncoupled from mRNA 3' processing in these operons.
  • CDK-12-mediated Pol II CTD S2 phosphorylation is crucial for SL2 trans-splicing and gene expression in operons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify suppressors of CDK-12 inhibition defects.
  • Investigate the role of the SSUP-72/PINN-1 module in C. elegans development.
  • Elucidate the mechanism by which SSUP-72/PINN-1 regulates gene expression and Pol II dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic screening to identify suppressor mutations.
  • Genome-wide analyses to study gene expression and Pol II regulation.
  • Biochemical assays to characterize phosphatase activity.

Main Results:

  • The SSUP-72/PINN-1 module suppresses defects caused by CDK-12 inhibition.
  • Loss of SSUP-72/PINN-1 bypasses the requirement for CDK-12 in post-embryonic development.
  • SSUP-72, a CTD S5P phosphatase, regulates Pol II 3' pausing and intra-operon termination.

Conclusions:

  • SSUP-72/PINN-1 is a key regulator of RNA Polymerase II dynamics.
  • This module coordinates operonic gene expression and growth during C. elegans development.
  • Findings reveal a novel mechanism for regulating gene expression in operons.