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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

Deciphering Novel Communication Patterns in T Regulatory Cells From Very Old Adults.

Tegan McTaggart^1,2,3, Jing Xuan Lim^1,2,3, Katie J Smith^1,2,3

¹Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.

|March 18, 2025

Summary

Aged regulatory T cells (Tregs) show altered communication, with decreased interaction with effector T cells but increased interaction with NK-like T cells. This impacts immune responses in the elderly.

Keywords:

85 CD8+CD56+T cells TIGIT Tregs aging the very old

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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

Published on: April 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Gerontology
Cell Biology

Background:

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune tolerance.
Aging is associated with increased Treg function and chronic inflammation.
Understanding Treg communication in the elderly is vital due to this dichotomy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate Treg communication patterns in very old individuals.
To compare Treg interactions in aged versus younger T effector cells.
To identify novel Treg communication pathways in aging.

Main Methods:

Proof-of-concept study comparing Treg communication in aged (85 years) and younger (<66 years) individuals.
Analysis of Treg interactions with CD4+ and CD8+ T effector cells.
Assessment of aged Treg communication with specific NK-like T-cell populations.

Main Results:

Aged Tregs exhibited significantly reduced communication with CD4+ and CD8+ T effectors compared to younger controls.
Aged Tregs showed enhanced communication with CD3+CD8+CD56+CD161- NK-like T-cell populations.
This NK-like T-cell population displayed diminished cytotoxic characteristics and killer receptor expression.

Conclusions:

Aging alters Treg communication networks, impacting immune regulation in the elderly.
Novel communication pathways between aged Tregs and NK-like T cells were identified.
These findings highlight potential mechanisms underlying immune dysfunction in advanced age.