Factors affecting Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) leather quality: a systematic review

Leather from the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is highly valued in global markets due to its durability, distinct texture, and aesthetic appeal. Despite its economic importance, the crocodile industry faces substantial challenges in maintaining the leather quality due to a variety of influencing factors. This study systematically reviews the literature that investigated the genetic, environmental, and management factors that influence the leather quality of Nile crocodiles. A comprehensive search on Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases yielded twenty-four studies published between 1960 and 2023. The analysis shows that genetic diversity and selective breeding programs play an important role in improving skin quality by promoting desirable traits and disease resistance. Environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and habitat conditions have a substantial impact on skin health, with poor water quality and extreme temperatures contributing to skin diseases and defects. Management practices in crocodile farms should emphasize ideal stocking densities, balanced diets, and regular health screenings, which are essential for minimizing stress, injuries, and infections that degrade leather quality. Comparative studies with other crocodilian species, such as saltwater crocodiles, caimans, and American alligators, revealed both similarities and differences in the factors that influence leather quality, providing useful insights for improving techniques across species. This review adds to the body of knowledge by integrating current studies and providing actionable recommendations for improving Nile crocodile leather quality through improved genetic, environmental, and management practices. Scarcity of studies on crocodile leather remain a challenge. However, future research are needed that will explore longitudinal studies and the establishment of advanced practices to promote sustainable crocodile farming and assure the improved leather quality and industry's profitability.