Aerodynamic characteristics and trajectory analysis of badminton shuttlecocks

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and trajectory behavior of badminton shuttlecocks, focusing on the effects of design factors such as porosity, flexibility, and feather geometry on flight performance. The main research question was how shuttlecock design influences aerodynamic forces and resulting trajectories. Methods: Wind tunnel tests were conducted on two feather and two synthetic shuttlecocks to measure drag, lift, and pitching forces across speeds of 10-50 m/s and angles of 0-20°. Empirical correlations for drag and lift coefficients were derived via regression analysis. The effects of gaps and rotation were evaluated by modifying shuttlecocks. Trajectories were simulated by numerically integrating the equations of motion using the empirical force correlations and validated against high-speed video of players hitting shuttlecocks. Results: Premium shuttlecocks displayed lower drag and higher lift than budget models. Feather shuttlecocks maintained higher rotation rates at high speeds compared to synthetic ones. Sealing gaps reduced drag by up to 10% for 75% sealed gaps. Stiffening synthetic skirts improved performance closer to feather shuttlecocks. Simulations matched experimental trajectories within 5% deviation for key metrics across different shots and shuttlecock types. Conclusions: Shuttlecock design significantly impacts aerodynamic forces and flight trajectories. Factors such as porosity, skirt flexibility and feather shape play crucial roles in performance. The developed simulation methodology can aid players in optimizing shots and manufacturers in designing better shuttlecocks. This research enhances understanding of shuttlecock aerodynamics and provides a foundation for future equipment innovations in badminton.