Whole-body dosimetry and risk analysis of tebuconazole exposure in vineyard workers

Pesticide exposure poses substantial health risks to agricultural workers and requires tailored protective measures. Thus, we evaluated exposure to 25 % tebuconazole wettable powder in vineyard workers. Whole-body dosimetry and patch testing both have advantages and disadvantages. When conducted properly, both methods provide reliable exposure estimates. A validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method enabled measurement of pesticide residues on body parts, yielding detailed inhalation and dermal exposure analyses and margin of safety (MOS) estimations. Mixing and loading workers experienced the highest hand exposure in Fields B and I. During spraying, exposure was elevated in enclosed environments, such as rain shelters, owing to limited ventilation. Exposure distribution data indicated the chest, back, and lower body as the most affected areas, with clothing penetration rates of 7.3-36.2 %, indicating that standard rates may underestimate real-world conditions. MOS exceeded safety thresholds in most cases, except in Field E, where high application amounts increased risk. These findings emphasize the importance of protective equipment, including gloves, coveralls, and masks, in minimizing exposure. Condition-specific assessments are recommended to enhance analytical accuracy. The results of this study provide a foundation for improving vineyard safety practices and extending research to other crops and pesticides.