Social determinants of health and type 2 diabetes in Asia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health challenge driven by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and social factors. This review highlights the effects of social determinants of health (SDOH) on T2DM in Asia, where rapid urbanization, worsening air pollution, and distinct socioeconomic structures uniquely influence disease outcomes. Key SDOH domains, socioeconomic status (education, income, and occupation), physical environment, food environment, healthcare access, and social context, were analyzed for their associations with T2DM prevalence, progression, and management. Among these, environmental and lifestyle shifts have emerged as particularly influential factors in Asia. Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter, has been increasingly linked to insulin resistance and diabetes risk in Asian populations. Additionally, rapid urbanization and changing food environments contribute to rising T2DM incidence through shifts in lifestyle and dietary patterns. Across the diverse healthcare systems of Asian countries, primary care remains a universally critical component in addressing T2DM issues. Additionally, social capital and cohesion serve as protective factors, whereas social isolation heightens vulnerabilities. These insights underscore the importance of addressing SDOH in public health strategies to combat T2DM in Asia. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and culturally tailored interventions to reduce the region's diabetes burden.