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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
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Updated: May 21, 2025

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Classical Olfactory Training for Smell Restoration: A Systematic Review.

Gabrielly Oliveira Cunha Moura1, Anthony Lucas Santos da Silva2, Fábio Rafael Teixeira de Santana3

  • 1Neuropharmacological Studies Laboratory, Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.

International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology
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Classical olfactory training improves olfactory function in patients with smell loss, showing clinically significant results. While promising, it

Keywords:
anosmiahyposmiaolfactory restorationolfactory trainingsmellsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Olfactory dysfunction research
  • Systematic review methodology
  • Clinical trial analysis

Background:

  • Olfactory training lacks standardized methods, yielding inconsistent effectiveness data.
  • Investigating classical olfactory training versus modified approaches or controls is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effectiveness of classical olfactory training for olfactory dysfunction.
  • To compare classical olfactory training against modified protocols or no intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA protocol.
  • Searched PubMed MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase databases.
  • Included randomized clinical trials in adults published up to December 2023; assessed bias with Cochrane tool.

Main Results:

  • Eight studies with 896 participants analyzed.
  • Classical olfactory training improved olfactory function by 20%-30% across various smell loss etiologies.
  • All included studies reported clinically significant post-treatment outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Classical olfactory training shows potential for restoring olfactory function.
  • Olfactory training is not a universal cure for anosmia due to result variability.