Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 3, 2026

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature
Published on: June 19, 2019
Perceived Connectedness to Nature in Fitness Enthusiasts, Golfers, and Climbers: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Daniela Haluza1, Markus Spletzer1, Julia Ortmann1,2
1Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria.
Background And Aims:
Connectedness to nature (CN) refers to the degree to which individuals feel a connection with the natural environment. CN has been associated with physical activity, life satisfaction, well-being, and pro-environmental behavior, making it a potential resource for both human and planetary health. This study aimed to compare self-reported CN levels among three groups of physically active individuals in the general adult population using two established CN measures: the Nature Relatedness-6 Scale (NR-6) and the Connectedness to Nature Single Item (CN-SI).
Methods:
A large sample of 3357 participants, consisting of 1214 fitness enthusiasts, 1115 golfers, and 1028 climbers, participated in three targeted cross-sectional online surveys. CN levels were assessed using the NR-6 and CN-SI scales. Differences between groups were analyzed using statistical comparisons.
Results:
Climbers exhibited significantly higher NR-6 scores compared to fitness enthusiasts and golfers, indicating a stronger sense of nature relatedness. However, CN-SI scores were highest among golfers. These findings suggest variations in CN perceptions depending on the type of physical activity performed.
Conclusion:
Engaging in physical activity that involves direct interaction with nature, such as outdoor climbing, may enhance individuals' sense of connection with the natural environment. Given the negative health impacts of sedentary lifestyles, promoting outdoor physical activity could serve as a dual approach to improving both personal well-being and environmental awareness, fostering sustainability in the long term.
Related Concept Videos
Inclusive Fitness
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison
Relationship Formation
Social Facilitation
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI
Motivation and Self-Determination
Motivation, the driving force behind behavior, plays a pivotal role at every stage of the change process. The research...

