Exploring AI in metasurface structures with forward and inverse design

As an artificially manufactured planar device, a metasurface structure can produce unusual electromagnetic responses by harnessing four basic characteristics of the light wave. Traditional design processes rely on numerical algorithms combined with parameter optimization. However, such methods are often time-consuming and struggle to match actual responses. This paper aims to give a unique perspective to classify the artificial intelligence(AI)-enabled design, dividing it into forward and inverse designs according to the mapping relationship between variables and performance. Forward designs are driven by intelligent algorithms; neural networks are one of the principal ways to realize reverse design. This paper reviews recent progress in AI-enabled metasurface design, examining the principles, advantages, and potential applications. A rich content and detailed comparison can help build a holistic understanding of metasurface design. Moreover, the authors believe that this systematic and detailed review will pave the way for future research and the selection of practical applications.