Relationship between menstrual cycle and cognitive function in women with primary dysmenorrhea

To evaluate the relationship between the change in pain intensity over days of the menstrual cycle and cognitive function in females with primary dysmenorrhea.

One hundred thirty-four females with primary dysmenorrhea who were admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to November 2023 were assessed. Of these participants, 46 individuals who subjectively stated that their cognitive function was affected, for whom neurology consultation was requested, and for whom patient data were available, were included in the study.

A significant decrease was seen in phonemic and semantic fluency on day 3 of menstruation (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significant decrease was observed in the forward and backward digit span (DGS) scores on day 3 of menstruation (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significant decrease was seen in the forward and backward DGS scores on the most painful day of menstruation (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significant decrease in the logical memory subtest Wechsler Memory Scale revised scores on the most painful day of menstruation (p < 0.001).

Consistent with the literature, strong evidence was found showing a negative correlation between dysmenorrhea and cognitive function. Future prospective, larger sample-size studies comparing cognitive function in females with and without dysmenorrhea at various stages of the menstrual cycle are needed.