Radiological Insights Into Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation Causing Profuse Vaginal Bleeding: A Rare Case

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare cause of severe genital tract bleeding. It can be classified as either congenital or acquired. Congenital form occurs due to aberrant arteriovenous vascular connections during embryonic development, whereas acquired form has been reported following previous uterine trauma or can be seen in association with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and endometrial adenocarcinoma. This report describes a case of a 26-year-old female, who presented with heavy vaginal bleeding and pain in the lower abdomen. An ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by a contrast-enhanced MRI of the pelvis, was advised, and a final diagnosis of uterine AVM was made. This case report highlights the cause of vaginal bleeding, the imaging appearance, and diagnosis using ultrasound and contrast-enhanced MRI of the pelvis, as well as management methods. It alerts treating clinicians to be aware of this possibility, emphasizing prompt identification and treatment in symptomatic patients, as inadvertent curettage can lead to massive bleeding with significant morbidity and mortality.