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Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT) are crucial in lung cancer and infections, influencing treatment outcomes. Understanding MAIT cell biology is key for developing host-directed therapies (HDTs) to improve patient responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT) are implicated in lung cancer and pulmonary infections.
  • Host-directed therapies (HDTs) are vital for treating these conditions.
  • MAIT cells significantly influence the internal environment in cancer and infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biology of MAIT cells in pulmonary pathophysiology.
  • To explore MAIT cells as therapeutic targets in pulmonary malignancies and infections.
  • To understand MAIT cell plasticity and cytokine production in disease contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on MAIT cell biology.
  • Analysis of MAIT cell interactions with MR1 and its ligands.
  • Examination of MAIT cell-derived cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, IL-17) and their roles.

Main Results:

  • MAIT cells are restricted by MR1, presenting diverse targets.
  • MAIT cells exhibit plasticity, switching between IFN-γ and IL-17 production.
  • MAIT-derived IL-17/TGF-β influences the tumor micro-environment (TME), fibrosis, and neutrophil recruitment.
  • MAIT cells contribute to the gut-lung axis and improved responses to checkpoint inhibitors.
  • MAIT cells are central to HDTs for malignant and infected cells.

Conclusions:

  • MAIT cells play a critical role in shaping the TME in pulmonary malignancies and infections.
  • Targeting the TME and utilizing HDTs can modulate MAIT cells for improved clinical outcomes.
  • Strategies should aim to enhance beneficial immune responses while mitigating tissue damage.