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Parachlamydia acanthamoebae: disease-causing pathogen or opportunistic bystander?

Simone E Adams1, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi1, Mirja Puolakkainen2

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Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, found in amoebae, can cause human respiratory infections. Further research and diagnostic testing are needed to understand its prevalence and disease association.

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Chlamydia-related bacteriaChlamydiales orderemerging pathogenlung infectionprotistsvirulence

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is an obligate intracellular bacterium within the Chlamydiales order.
  • It was first discovered in Acanthamoeba from a humidifier during a respiratory infection outbreak investigation.
  • Its pathogenic potential in humans remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess current knowledge on the pathogenic potential of P. acanthamoebae.
  • To highlight existing knowledge gaps regarding this bacterium.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Parachlamydia acanthamoebae.
  • Analysis of its association with human respiratory infections.

Main Results:

  • Amoebae serve as the primary reservoir for P. acanthamoebae.
  • Infection likely occurs via nasal passage entry through contaminated water or animals.
  • Infected amoebae can reach the lower respiratory tract, triggering a lytic cycle and causing human illness.

Conclusions:

  • P. acanthamoebae is linked to various human respiratory conditions like bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
  • Underreporting of prevalence is likely due to infrequent diagnostic testing.
  • Implementing serological, molecular testing, and epidemiological studies is crucial for understanding colonization-disease links.