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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Updated: May 21, 2025

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in the Harvard Environmental Chamber
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Short-lived reactive components substantially contribute to particulate matter oxidative potential.

Steven J Campbell1,2,3, Battist Utinger2, Alexandre Barth2

  • 1MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.

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Airborne particulate matter (PM) health effects are underestimated. Online measurements show reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative potential (OP) decay quickly, suggesting current methods miss key toxicity drivers.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure causes millions of deaths yearly, but the specific toxic components are unknown.
  • Oxidative potential (OP) is a key metric for understanding PM toxicity.
  • Current offline analysis methods may not accurately reflect the real-time toxicity of PM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the real-time oxidative potential (OP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity of airborne particulate matter (PM).
  • To compare online and offline measurement techniques for assessing PM toxicity.
  • To understand the health implications of short-lived OP components.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized online measurement methods for rapid OP and ROS quantification of secondary organic aerosol and combustion-generated PM.
  • Assessed the decay rate of ROS activity and OP in ambient PM.
  • Investigated the toxicity pathways activated by short-lived OP components using reconstituted human bronchial epithelia.

Main Results:

  • 60-99% of ROS and OP in tested PM have a short lifetime (minutes to hours).
  • Ambient PM's ROS activity significantly decays before offline analysis.
  • Short-lived OP components trigger distinct toxicity pathways in lung epithelial cells.

Conclusions:

  • Current offline PM analysis substantially underestimates its true oxidative potential (OP) and associated health risks.
  • Online OP quantification is crucial for accurate air pollution and health studies.
  • The transient nature of PM's toxic potential necessitates real-time assessment.