Gender Disparities in Cardiology: Learning From History to Envision the Future

Gender disparities within the field of cardiology are often described in the literature. However, it is not always clear how they came about, why they persist, or practically, what to do about them. Furthermore, the individuals usually tasked to address these disparities within an organization are usually the same individuals who are disproportionately affected by these disparities-women. In this review, the authors discuss the complex historical and systemic roots for the observed gender disparities within cardiology. They also highlight how men can not only be educated regarding experiences they may not face but also work toward fostering an improved working environment and eliminating of these gender disparities.