Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Do all individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus prefer decentralisation in clinical trials? Findings from a discrete choice experiment.

BMJ open·2026

Same author

CGM Accuracy in a Fragmented Regulatory Landscape: A Commentary on Harmonisation and Recent Evidence.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026

Same author

Continuous Intraperitoneal Insulin Infusion for People With Type 1 Diabetes: A Literature Review and International Position Statement.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026

Same author

Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality among insulin pump users with acute coronary syndrome in the predominantly open-loop era: A UK-wide MINAP registry analysis.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026

Same author

Hypoglycaemia care: Time to modernise our treatment standards.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026

Same author

Hypoglycaemia Was Not Associated With Depression, Anxiety, Diabetes Distress or Fear of Hypoglycaemia Scores in People With Type 1 or Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes in the Hypo-METRICS Study.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Published on: August 14, 2013

Risk factors for Lipohypertrophy in People With Insulin-Treated Diabetes: A Systematic Meta-Analysis.

Julia K Mader¹, Riccardo Fornengo², Ahmed Hassoun³

¹Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

|March 20, 2025

Summary

Incorrect injection site rotation and needle reuse significantly increase lipohypertrophy risk in insulin-treated diabetes patients. Patient education on proper injection techniques is crucial for diabetes management.

Keywords:

diabetes insulin-injection technique lipohypertrophy meta-analysis risk factors systematic review

More Related Videos

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Published on: August 14, 2013

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Dermatology
Metabolic Disorders

Background:

Lipohypertrophy is a prevalent skin complication in individuals with insulin-treated diabetes.
Existing data on risk factors for lipohyperpertrophy are conflicting, impacting diabetes management.
This study investigated patient characteristics and insulin therapy as potential risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and quantify risk factors associated with lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetes patients.
To synthesize evidence from multiple studies through meta-analysis.

Main Methods:

A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from 1990 to August 2023.
Searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases for relevant research.
Extracted data on patient characteristics and insulin therapy to calculate prevalence odds ratios and mean differences.

Main Results:

Fifty-one studies were included in the meta-analysis.
Incorrect injection site rotation (pOR=8.85) and needle reuse (pOR=3.20) were the strongest risk factors.
Longer duration of insulin therapy (>5 years), more frequent injections (>2/day), type 1 diabetes, and obesity also increased risk.

Conclusions:

Incorrect injection site rotation and needle reuse are the most significant modifiable risk factors for lipohypertrophy.
Patient education on proper injection techniques is vital for preventing lipohypertrophy and improving diabetes care.