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Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions Promote Ecological Multifunctionality in Compost-Applied Soils.

Shimao Wu1, Wen Zhang1, Danrui Wang1

  • 1Soil Ecology Lab, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Saline Soil Resources Utilization and Ecological Conservation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.

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|March 20, 2025
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Summary

Compost application, especially vermicompost, enhances soil multifunctionality by altering bacterial and phage communities. Phage diversity plays a crucial role in boosting soil ecological functions through host bacteria metabolism.

Keywords:
biodiversitycompostmicrobial communitiessoil bacteriophagessoil multifunctionality

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Area of Science:

  • Soil ecology
  • Microbial ecology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Bacteriophages (phages) mediate bacterial metabolism, impacting soil biogeochemical cycles.
  • The role of phages in soil multifunctionality remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding phage-bacterial interactions is key to soil health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how phages and bacterial communities influence the multifunctionality of compost-amended soils.
  • Determine the impact of different compost types (cow compost, vermicompost) on soil functions.
  • Elucidate the mechanisms by which phages affect soil multifunctionality.

Main Methods:

  • Applied cow compost and vermicompost to soil.
  • Analyzed bacterial and phage community composition and diversity.
  • Quantified functional genes related to nutrient metabolism (C, N, P, S).
  • Utilized structural equation modeling to assess relationships between variables.

Main Results:

  • Both compost types enhanced soil multifunctionality, with vermicompost showing the highest effect (p < 0.05).
  • Bacterial and phage communities, along with their functional genes, were significantly altered by compost application.
  • Bacterial diversity strongly influenced soil multifunctionality (path coefficient = 0.88, p < 0.01).
  • Increased phage diversity and functional gene abundance indirectly boosted soil multifunctionality via host bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Compost application, particularly vermicompost, can significantly improve soil multifunctionality.
  • Phage community composition and function are critical targets for enhancing soil ecological services.
  • Manipulating phage communities offers a novel strategy for improving soil functions and environmental benefits.