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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...

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A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

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Resources Modulate Developmental Shifts but Not Infection Tolerance Upon Co-Infection in an Insect System.

Nora K E Schulz¹, Danial Asgari¹, Siqin Liu¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Molecular Ecology

|March 20, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Energy allocation alone cannot explain how parasites affect host survival. Co-infection with gregarine parasites impacts gut health and immune gene expression, reducing survival irrespective of diet.

Keywords:

apparent competition host–parasite interactions immunopathology parasite facilitation within‐host ecology

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Evolutionary Biology
Immunology

Background:

Host energy resources are critical for managing parasite infections and immune defense.
The impact of co-infection on host energy allocation and immune responses remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how diet and co-infection with two natural parasites influence energy allocation, metabolic, and immune responses in flour beetles (Tribolium confusum).
To determine if energy allocation is sufficient to explain infection outcomes in co-infected hosts.

Main Methods:

Dietary manipulation in flour beetles experimentally infected with single and co-infections.
Transcriptomic analysis (mRNA-seq) to assess gene expression changes.
Phenotypic assays to evaluate host development, immune response, and survival.

Main Results:

Gregarine parasites altered the host's energetic environment and juvenile development time in a diet-dependent manner.
Gregarine infection stimulated a distinct set of immune genes and caused gut damage, independent of diet.
Hosts infected with gregarines exhibited reduced survival, irrespective of dietary conditions or acute bacterial infection resistance.

Conclusions:

Energy allocation alone is insufficient to fully explain the immunological contributions to co-infection outcomes.
Mechanistic insights into host-parasite interactions are crucial for predicting co-infection impacts across biological levels.