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Amphibians and Reptiles Exhibit Different Ecological and Evolutionary Spatial Patterns in the Amazon Basin.

Jhon Jairo López-Rojas1,2, Diego Henrique Santiago3, Mirco Solé1,4

  • 1Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado Ilhéus Bahia Brazil.

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Amazonian amphibians and reptiles show distinct spatial diversity patterns influenced by elevation and ecoregions. These findings support the cradle-museum hypothesis, guiding targeted biodiversity conservation efforts.

Keywords:
Amazondiversity metricsecoregionfunctionalphylogenetictaxonomic

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • Biodiversity Conservation
  • Herpetology

Background:

  • Spatial variability in ecological and evolutionary patterns is crucial for Amazonian biodiversity conservation.
  • Understanding these patterns helps in identifying biodiversity hotspots and informing conservation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of amphibians and reptiles across Amazon Basin ecoregions.
  • To assess the influence of elevation on diversity metrics and explore interrelationships among them.
  • To test the "cradle" (speciation) and "museum" (lineage preservation) hypotheses in the Amazon.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 1011 amphibian and 828 reptile species using distribution maps, phylogenies, and trait data.
  • Calculated taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD).
  • Computed mean phylogenetic distance to the nearest taxon (PD_mntd) and mean functional distance to the nearest taxon (FD_mntd).
  • Performed spatial regressions with elevation and compared diversity metrics across five Amazon Basin ecoregions.

Main Results:

  • Amphibian and reptile diversity patterns varied distinctly with elevation and across ecoregions.
  • Anurans showed higher PD, FD, and TD in western Amazonia; squamates had hotspots at lower altitudes.
  • Testudines were associated with major rivers, crocodilians with equatorial regions; Andean regions showed elevated PD_mntd and FD_mntd for anurans and squamates.

Conclusions:

  • Eco-evolutionary patterns differ significantly among amphibian and reptile lineages in the Amazon Basin.
  • Findings support the cradle-museum hypothesis, with regions acting as centers for speciation, lineage preservation, or both.
  • Tailored conservation strategies are essential, recognizing the unique ecological and evolutionary dynamics of each taxon and ecoregion.