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Lebanon Biogeography Outlined by Tree and Shrub Species Distribution Pattern.

Jean Stephan1, Youmna Hammoud1, Melissa Korban1

  • 1L2GE, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences Lebanese University Fanar Lebanon.

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|March 20, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals Lebanon

Keywords:
biogeographychorotypesdissimilarity indicesdistributional patternsecological niche modelingelevational gradientspecies distributiontransition zones

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biogeography
  • Botany

Background:

  • Understanding the biogeographic structure of a region is crucial for biodiversity conservation.
  • Lebanon, situated in the Middle East and Mediterranean basin, possesses a unique and complex landscape influencing species distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the biogeographic structure of Lebanon using native tree and shrub species distribution.
  • To identify distinct biogeographic regions and transition zones within the country.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological niche modeling (ENM) was employed to predict species distributions.
  • Dissimilarity indices, including turnover and nestedness, were used to measure biogeographic distinctness.
  • Global and regional chorotypes were defined based on overlapping and similar species distributions.

Main Results:

  • Sixty species were grouped into nine global and five regional chorotypes.
  • The western, lower-elevation areas of Mount Lebanon host nested Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian chorotypes.
  • The most dissimilar chorotypes (Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian) are found in the northeast and south, respectively.
  • A species richness hotspot was identified on the northwestern slopes of Mount Lebanon.
  • Biogeographic transition zones were mapped in high-elevation areas and eastern slopes of Mount Lebanon and southern Anti-Lebanon mountains.

Conclusions:

  • The first biogeographic structure of Lebanon was established, dividing it into (East) Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions.
  • Transitional zones are significant, harboring endemic tree species.
  • Ecological niche modeling effectively addressed data gaps in biogeographic studies.