Artificial intelligence and its use in spine surgery and preparation of predictive models: a systematic review

During the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has witnessed phenomenal growth, accompanied by unparalleled opportunities in health. The integration of machine learning at the heart of health systems has shaped a revolution that helps to reduce health, social, and economic inequities while improving global health outcomes. The use of AI for spine surgery, in particular, serves to enhance the accuracy of predicted algorithms and can be used to improve surgical accuracy and reduce operative time, thereby enhancing efficiency and productivity. This review outlines the current literature on the use of AI in spine surgery and identifies its established evidence to provide positive surgical outcomes. With all these promises, AI in spine surgery remains in its infancy; it is anticipated that further development will yield much greater benefits in the immediate future.