Bioengineering Approaches to In Vitro Modeling of Genetic and Acquired Cardiac Diseases

This review aims to explore recent advancements in bioengineering approaches used in developing and testing in vitro cardiac disease models. It seeks to find out how these tools can address the limitations of traditional in vitro models and be applied to improve our understanding of cardiac disease mechanisms, facilitate preclinical drug screening, and equip the development of personalized therapeutics.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells have enabled the generation of diverse cardiac cell types and patient-specific models. Techniques like 3D tissue engineering, heart-on-a-chip platforms, biomechanical conditioning, and CRISPR-based gene editing have enabled faithful recreation of complex cardiac microenvironments and disease conditions. These models have advanced the study of both genetic and acquired cardiac disorders. Bioengineered in vitro models are transforming the basic science and clinical research in cardiovascular disease by improving the biomimicry and complexity of tissue analogues, increasing throughput and reproducibility of screening platforms, as well as offering patient and disease specificity. Despite challenges in scalability and functional maturity, integrating multiple bioengineering techniques with advanced analytical tools in in vitro modeling platforms holds promise for future precision and personalized medicine and therapeutic innovations.