Cytocompatibility, fibroblast adhesion and proliferation on surface modified 3D-printed PEEK scaffolds

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Surface Chemistry

Background:

• Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic with potential for 3D-printed medical implants.
• PEEK's bioinert nature presents challenges for cellular integration and tissue healing.
• Fibroblasts play a critical role in connective tissue healing post-implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the biofunctionalization of 3D-printed PEEK implants to improve fibroblast cellular response.
• To assess the impact of surface modifications (sulfonation, hydroxyapatite incorporation) on fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and viability.
• To compare the cellular response on solid, porous, and surface-rough PEEK constructs.

Main Methods:

• Surface modification of 3D-printed PEEK (solid, porous, rough) using sulfonation and hydroxyapatite (HA) incorporation.
• Characterization of porous scaffolds using micro-CT and compression testing.
• Fibroblast culture assays to evaluate cellular adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity.
• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for cell morphology assessment.

Main Results:

• Solid PEEK samples with rough surfaces, sulfonated and incorporating HA, showed the most favorable fibroblast morphology and viability.
• Smooth, as-printed PEEK surfaces exhibited significantly lower fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.
• Porous PEEK scaffolds demonstrated potentially less favorable fibroblast viability compared to solid surfaces.

Conclusions:

• Surface functionalization is essential for enhancing the bioactivity of 3D-printed PEEK implants.
• Optimized surface modifications (roughness, sulfonation, HA) can significantly improve fibroblast response for better connective tissue healing.
• Further research is needed to optimize porous scaffold design for enhanced cellular integration.