C R Chapman1, K L Casey, R Dubner
1Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Departments of Anesthesiology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A. Neurology Service, VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 U.S.A. Bldg. 30, Room B-18, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20205 U.S.A. Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 U.S.A. Neurobiology and Anesthesiology, Bldg. 10, Room 2 B - 09, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20205 U.S.A. Department of Psychiatry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024 U.S.A.
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This review critically examines pain measurement methods across animal research, human laboratory studies, and clinical settings. It highlights the need for integrated pain assessment techniques and suggests future research directions.
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