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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Updated: May 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP &#8212; Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Dialogue between programmed cell death and psoriasis.

Jun Tian1, Lei Zhang1, Li Yang1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi 'an, China.

Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii
|March 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Psoriasis involves abnormal programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, impacting skin homeostasis. Understanding these PCD mechanisms offers new therapeutic targets for psoriasis treatment.

Keywords:
apoptosisautophagyferroptosisprogrammed cell deathpsoriasispyroptosis

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with significant physical and psychological impacts.
  • The exact causes of psoriasis remain unclear, but dysregulation of cell death is implicated.
  • Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways are essential for maintaining the body's balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review programmed cell death pathways in the context of psoriasis.
  • To explore distinct features, triggers, and implications of PCD in psoriasis pathogenesis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic opportunities related to PCD in psoriasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of programmed cell death pathways.
  • Analysis of existing research on PCD and psoriasis.
  • Synthesis of information on psoriasis triggers, features, and pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Dysregulated PCD is linked to the initiation and development of psoriasis.
  • Various PCD pathways exhibit distinct roles and triggers in psoriatic skin.
  • Understanding PCD mechanisms provides a framework for novel therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting programmed cell death pathways presents a promising avenue for psoriasis treatment.
  • Further research into PCD in psoriasis is warranted to develop effective interventions.
  • Comprehensive exploration of PCD offers a rational basis for future psoriasis therapies.