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Related Concept Videos

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Overview
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Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2025

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
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Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

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Thinking Phage Innovations Through Evolution and Ecology.

Charlotte Brives1, Rémy Froissart2, Blanca Perez-Sepulveda3

  • 1UMR5116, CNRS, Centre Emile Durkheim, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

PHAGE (New Rochelle, N.Y.)
|March 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bacteriophages (phages) show promise for biocontrol, especially virulent strains and complementary cocktails that prevent resistance. Understanding phage ecology is key to their effective application.

Keywords:
antibiotic resistancebiocontrolphagesplantstherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and have potential therapeutic and biocontrol applications.
  • Understanding phage evolution and ecology is critical for optimizing their use and mitigating risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of phage-based applications considering phage evolution and ecology.
  • To identify optimal strategies for using phages in biocontrol and therapeutic contexts.
  • To examine site-specific considerations for phage applications using vine cultivation and wine production as a case study.

Main Methods:

  • Interdisciplinary review of current knowledge on phage evolution and ecology.
  • Analysis of evolutionary biological parameters to determine optimal phage characteristics for biocontrol.
  • Case study review of phage applications in vine cultivation and wine production.

Main Results:

  • Virulent bacteriophages are optimal candidates for biocontrol applications.
  • Bacteriophage cocktails with complementary phages are effective in preventing bacterial cross-resistance.
  • Phage resistance evolution can be steered towards reduced virulence and increased antibiotic susceptibility, aiding therapeutic cure.
  • Site-specific responses are crucial, challenging one-size-fits-all approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Phage-based applications offer significant potential for biocontrol and therapeutic interventions.
  • A deep understanding of phage ecology and evolutionary dynamics is essential for successful implementation.
  • Tailoring phage strategies to specific ecological contexts, such as in agriculture and food production, is paramount.