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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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The power and energy delivered to an element are subjects of great significance in the field of electrical engineering. It is a well-known fact that a 100-watt light bulb emits more light than a 60-watt one. Therefore, power and energy calculations play a crucial role in the analysis of electrical circuits.
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

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Material needs for power-to-X systems for CO2 utilization require a life cycle approach.

Aloka Kumar Sahu1,2, Thomas E Rufford1,3,2, Saleem H Ali2,4

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The transition to net-zero emissions requires scaling up Power-to-X technologies, which depend on critical materials with complex supply chains. Early life cycle assessments are vital for the ethical development of these crucial net-zero technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Systems Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainability Science

Background:

  • The global shift towards net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions necessitates a major expansion of Power-to-X technologies.
  • These technologies are essential for capturing and converting CO2 into low-carbon fuels and chemicals, replacing fossil-fuel-dependent processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify critical materials required for Power-to-X electrolyzers.
  • To analyze the impacts and risks associated with the global supply chains of these essential materials.
  • To advocate for the early adoption of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) in Power-to-X research and development.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of critical raw materials for Power-to-X electrolyzers.
  • Analysis of existing global supply chain vulnerabilities for these materials.
  • Overview of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Power-to-X technologies require significant quantities of specific raw materials, including rare earth metals like yttrium and iridium, which differ from those in traditional petroleum-based systems.
  • Existing global supply chains for these critical materials present considerable challenges and risks in meeting the projected demand for gigawatt-scale Power-to-X deployment.
  • The study highlights the need for proactive assessment of socio-environmental impacts throughout the entire product life cycle.

Conclusions:

  • The scale-up of Power-to-X technologies faces material supply challenges that require strategic planning.
  • Integrating Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) early in the R&D process is crucial.
  • Life cycle thinking is imperative for the informed, just, and ethical development of disruptive net-zero technologies.