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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

183
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
183
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

567
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
567
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

336
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
336
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

403
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
403
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

158
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
158
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

383
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
383

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Anaesthesia Considerations on Paediatric Neurosurgery.

Rudin Domi1, Filadelfo Coniglione2, Asead Abdyli1

  • 1Medical University of Tirana, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tirana, Albania.

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Summary

This review covers advancements in paediatric neurosurgery, focusing on anaesthesia challenges and management strategies. It highlights key topics like neurophysiology, bleeding control, pain management, and neuromonitoring for complex cases.

Keywords:
Bleedingneurosurgeryneurotoxicitypaediatric anaesthesiapositioning

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anaesthesiology
  • Paediatric Medicine

Background:

  • Paediatric neurosurgery has advanced significantly due to technological progress.
  • Managing paediatric neurosurgery patients presents unique anaesthesia challenges.
  • Requires deep understanding of paediatric physiology and neuroanaesthesia principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review updated information on critical topics in paediatric neuroanaesthesia.
  • To address the complexities of anaesthetic management in paediatric neurosurgery.
  • To provide insights into age-related physiology and procedural specifics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent advancements and critical topics.
  • Synthesis of information on paediatric neurophysiology, bleeding, pain, and monitoring.
  • Discussion of anaesthetic principles for complex paediatric neurosurgical procedures.

Main Results:

  • Highlights advancements in technology and monitoring techniques.
  • Details challenges in paediatric patient characteristics and procedure complexity.
  • Covers updated information on neurophysiology, bleeding management, pain treatment, intraoperative neuromonitoring, and the sitting position.

Conclusions:

  • Effective paediatric neuroanaesthesia demands specialized knowledge of physiology and techniques.
  • Addressing age-related differences and procedural complexities is crucial.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge for optimal patient care in paediatric neurosurgery.