Comparison of microbubbling and conventional bubbling methods for ozonated saline solution in CKD patients: a pilot...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition marked by persistent kidney damage, leading to high mortality rates and economic burden in advanced stages. Ozone therapy has emerged as a complementary alternative capable of mitigating oxidative stress involved in CKD progression. Ozonated saline solution (OSS) prepared via microbubbling offers enhanced efficacy due to greater ozone dissolution, homogeneity, and stability compared to conventional methods. This study compared the biosafety and efficacy of OSS prepared through bubbling and microbubbling methods in advanced CKD patients. In vitro, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations were measured at various doses and times for both methods. In healthy volunteer, biosafety was assessed using TMRE and Annexin V in leukocytes. In CKD patients, TMRE, Annexin V, redox markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione system, H₂O₂, lipoperoxidation), and renal function markers (urea, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate) were evaluated. Microbubbling produced lower H₂O₂ concentrations in vitro, depending on time and ozone dose. In vivo, both methods increased mitochondrial activity and apoptosis in CKD patient leukocytes. However, microbubbling notably enhanced antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, and redox balance (elevated reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio) compared to conventional bubbling. It also showed slight improvements in serum clinical parameters. In conclusion, the microbubbling method demonstrated superior biosafety and therapeutic efficacy in advanced CKD patients, highlighting its potential as a preferred approach in ozone therapy.