Advances in PFAS electrochemical reduction: Mechanisms, materials, and future perspectives

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that pose significant risks to both human and environmental health due to their widespread use and stability. Traditional remediation methods, such as adsorption and filtration, concentrate PFAS without breaking them down. Alternative methods, such as pyrolysis, chemical oxidation, and photodegradation, often require costly and complex conditions. Electrochemical technology is a promising alternative for PFAS removal. In particular, electrochemical reduction has been emerging in recent years as a promising alternative to promote C-F dissociation and H/F exchange reactions, thus generating less fluorinated compounds. This review summarizes the advances in technologies for PFAS electrochemical reduction, with proposed electrochemical reduction mechanisms, the factors that influence the removal of PFAS, and the challenges and future directions associated with these methods. Novel materials, such as nanocatalysts, molecularly inspired networks, or 2D/3D materials, are stable in aqueous environments and exhibit high electrochemical activity toward C-F bond dissociation. In addition, the above materials show potential for scalable applications in PFAS treatment, although further research is needed to optimize their performance. This review also aims to understand the opportunities and challenges in PFAS electrochemical reduction, offering insights for future research and development.