Immunomodulatory effects of Sanghuangporus flavonoids: Key insights into enhancing immunity and restoring immune...

The immune system is vital for maintaining homeostasis, defending against external threats, and regulating inflammation, forming the cornerstone of human health. Sanghuangporus, a natural medicinal mushroom, contains flavonoids that may increase immune cell activity, potentially improving human health. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Sanghuangporus flavonoids (PBF) via network pharmacology and in vitro and in vivo experiments. Network pharmacology identified PBF compounds targeting 46 immunosuppression-related targets, with rutin emerging as a key component. Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding affinity of rutin for the core targets IL6, TNF, and IL1B. In vitro, PBF activated mouse macrophages, promoting their proliferation, phagocytic activity, NO production, and cytokine regulation. In vivo, PBF enhanced immune function in normal mice by promoting thymus and spleen growth, increasing cellular and humoral immunity, and restoring immune function in immunosuppressed mice. These findings highlight the potential of PBFs in increasing immunity and treating immunosuppressive diseases.