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A Modular, Mechanical Knee Model for the Development and Validation of Robotic Testing Methodologies.

Lesley R Arant1,2, Jabneel Cardona-Perez3,4, Joshua D Roth5

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue Room 5059, Madison, WI 53706.

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A novel mechanical knee model offers a consistent alternative to cadaveric specimens for robotic testing. This model aids in validating robotic testing methods and benchmarking errors in ligament tension measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Engineering
  • Robotics in Medicine

Background:

  • Six-degree-of-freedom robotic testing is crucial for understanding knee biomechanics using cadaveric specimens.
  • Cadaveric knees present challenges for validation and inter-laboratory comparisons due to variability and extensive preparation.
  • Standardized methods are needed to overcome limitations associated with cadaveric tissue in robotic knee testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular, mechanical knee model for robotic testing that replicates human cadaveric knee biomechanics.
  • To utilize the developed knee model to benchmark errors in ligament tension measurements using the superposition method.
  • To establish a reliable tool for validating robotic testing methodologies in knee biomechanics research.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a modular knee model with femur and tibia components, constrained by articular geometry and ligament phantoms.
  • Employed a robotic testing system to measure kinetic-kinematic relationships under various loading conditions (anterior-posterior, varus-valgus, internal-external rotation).
  • Modified knee models by adjusting secondary restraints, ligament phantom engagement, and incorporating osteoarthritic features to achieve variable biomechanical responses.

Main Results:

  • The mechanical knee models demonstrated comparable laxities to human cadaveric knees.
  • Most models did not fully replicate the flexion-dependent kinematics observed in cadaveric knees.
  • Errors in superposition-computed lateral collateral ligament tensions in the knee models were comparable to those in cadaveric knees.

Conclusions:

  • The developed modular mechanical knee model serves as a biomechanically representative surrogate for cadaveric knees.
  • This model is a valuable tool for the development and validation of robotic testing methodologies in knee biomechanics.
  • It facilitates standardized and reproducible robotic testing, overcoming limitations of cadaveric variability.