Exploring the capabilities of Micro-XRF to study the dispersion of GSR in firearms cases

The forensic scientific establishment requires an evaluation of GSR obtained at the scene of the incident because it provides answers to challenges like differentiating between different types of ammunition, estimating the firing range, and linking an individual to the discharge of a firearm. There is inadequate information on the classification of ammunition types utilizing GSR analysis. This paper delves into the capabilities of Micro-XRF in characterizing GSR particles, assessing their distribution, and elucidating their significance in forensic investigations. A cloth substrate as a target sample for assemblage of firearm discharge that is GSR particles was selected as an analog of sample obtained from the crime scene from victim or suspect. Micro-XRF proved to very advantageous non-destructive technique for the aimed study herein. The results of Micro-XRF are were able to characterize the heterogeneity of GSR particles originating from different distance & firearm-ammunition respectively. The technique provided non-destructive, highly sensitive, qualitative, quantity analysis with Fast deconvolution of the samples signals proving to be beneficial in GSR discrimination with respect ammunition and shooting distance. By exploring the benefits and limitations of this technique, we aim to contribute to the advancement of forensic science methodologies, ultimately aiding law enforcement in firearm-related cases.