GroupCDL: Interpretable Denoising and Compressed Sensing MRI via Learned Group-Sparsity and Circulant Attention

Nonlocal self-similarity within images has become an increasingly popular prior in deep-learning models. Despite their successful image restoration performance, such models remain largely uninterpretable due to their black-box construction. Our previous studies have shown that interpretable construction of a fully convolutional denoiser (CDLNet), with performance on par with state-of-the-art black-box counterparts, is achievable by unrolling a convolutional dictionary learning algorithm. In this manuscript, we seek an interpretable construction of a convolutional network with a nonlocal self-similarity prior that performs on par with black-box nonlocal models. We show that such an architecture can be effectively achieved by up-grading the ${\ell }_1$ sparsity prior (soft-thresholding) of CDLNet to an image-adaptive group-sparsity prior (group-thresholding). The proposed learned group-thresholding makes use of nonlocal attention to perform spatially varying soft-thresholding on the latent representation. To enable effective training and inference on large images with global artifacts, we propose a novel circulant-sparse attention. We achieve competitive natural-image denoising performance compared to black-box nonlocal DNNs and transformers. The interpretable construction of our network allows for a straightforward extension to Compressed Sensing MRI (CS-MRI), yielding state-of-the-art performance. Lastly, we show robustness to noise-level mismatches between training and inference for denoising and CS-MRI reconstruction.